ANTIBIOTICO RESISTENZA

1. Advances in the management of pneumonia caused by drug-resistant bacteria: from antimicrobial optimisation to integrated treatment adaptation

   Management of drug-resistant bacterial pneumonia has become increasingly precise, but early precision does not remove the need to reinterpret the patient's course during illness. Active and appropriate empirical therapy, informed by local epidemiology, remains essential, yet treatment often begins before the definitive microbiological profile is available or adequate drug exposure can be confirmed. While rapid diagnostics and pharmacological optimisation can narrow this initial uncertainty, the...

2. Schistosoma-Salmonella co-infection in Africa: Epidemiology, biological mechanisms, and antimicrobial resistance: A systematic review and meta analysis

   Schistosomiasis and salmonellosis are major public health problems in Africa, contribute substantially to morbidity. Schistosoma-Salmonella co-infection is a neglected and overlooked health condition with important clinical and public health implications. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesize evidence on the epidemiology, biological mechanisms, and antimicrobial resistance of Schistosoma-Salmonella co-infection in Africa. A systematic review and...

3. Carbon dot/TiO(2) nanocomposites for photocatalytic antibiotic degradation: interfacial engineering, degradation mechanisms, and environmental remediation

   The widespread presence of antibiotic residues in aquatic environments contributes to ecological toxicity and accelerates antimicrobial resistance (AMR), highlighting the need for efficient and sustainable remediation technologies. Among advanced oxidation processes, TiO(2)-based photocatalysis has attracted considerable attention because of its chemical stability, low toxicity, and strong oxidative capability. However, the practical application of TiO(2) is limited by poor visible-light...

4. Self-Medication: A Critical Review of Clinical, Economic, and Health-System Trade-Offs

   CONCLUSION: Policy should support suitable non-prescription care through medicine-safety checks and defined referral criteria. In low- and middle-income countries, higher-risk-medicine restrictions should accompany affordable diagnosis and treatment. Local evaluation should measure adverse outcomes, completed referrals and household and health-system costs. Focused single-author selection limits coverage and causal interpretation.

5. Global variability in dental unit waterline safety standards: bridging the gap between guidelines and practice

   CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the findings underscore the need for harmonized international guidance supported by enforceable monitoring standards and adaptable implementation pathways for resource-limited settings. Strengthening DUWL management through evidence-based protocols, technological innovation, and enhanced professional education is essential to reducing contamination risks and promoting safe, high-quality dental care globally.

6. One health perspectives on pharmaceutical and clinical effluents driving multidrug resistance in aquatic ecosystems: a comprehensive review

   Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most pressing global health challenges, yet the contribution of environmental reservoirs to the spread of multidrug resistance (MDR) remains insufficiently integrated into mainstream discussions. This systematic review synthesizes evidence from 167 peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2026 to examine how pharmaceutical manufacturing effluents and clinical waste drive the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and...

7. Microplastics as evolving particle-chemical-microbial interfaces: plastisphere ecology, ecotoxicity, and safety-informed remediation

   Microplastics (MPs) are not environmentally static particles; aging, fragmentation, contaminant acquisition, organic conditioning, and microbial colonization progressively convert them into dynamic particle-chemical-microbial interfaces. This transformation is central to their environmental fate and risk because plastisphere communities can alter particle transport, contaminant partitioning, nutrient cycling, antimicrobial-resistance dynamics, and polymer transformation. Experimental evidence...

8. Discontools supplement Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in pigs: update and knowledge gaps

   CONCLUSIONS: Despite significant advances, important knowledge gaps remain in multiple areas of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae research. Uncertainties persist in transmission and epidemiology, including the role of environmental spread, wild boar reservoirs, and the extent of subclinical infections. The impact of strain diversity on virulence, transmission, persistence, and vaccine performance is not yet fully understood, and predictive markers are lacking. Key aspects of host-pathogen interactions,...

9. Research Progress on the Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Effects and Veterinary Clinical Application of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.)

   Veterinary practice faces rising antimicrobial resistance, driving interest in plant-derived alternatives. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), a medicinal edible herb with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties, is a promising candidate. This narrative review synthesizes 160 studies into a unified framework linking chemical composition (flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, organic acids), pharmacological activities (12 major effects), and veterinary applications....

10. Ecological Editing: Decoupling Microbial Signals from Metabolic Noise to Reprogram the Gut Ecosystem

    The translation of microbiome therapeutics is hampered by the stochasticity of faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), an empirical transfer of undefined biomass confounded by donor heterogeneity, procedural variability, and immunogenic debris. As the field moves towards precision medicine, microbiome engineering is diverging into two philosophies: the subtractive paradigm, which purifies the native ecosystem by removing deleterious metabolites, and the additive paradigm, which assembles...

11. Beyond Nitrogen Removal: Emerging Contaminants and Environmental Risk in Anammox-Based Wastewater Treatment

    Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is an energy-efficient and low-carbon process for nitrogen removal, but its wider application exposes anammox biomass to more complex contaminant mixtures. Existing reviews have examined contaminant inhibition and microbial responses, while their links to environmental risks have received less integrated attention. This review focuses on how representative chemical contaminants and particles affect anammox performance and microbial responses and how these...

12. AI-Facilitated Discovery of Microbiome-Originated Antimicrobial Peptides: A Perspective on Combating Antibiotic Resistance Within Public Health and Food Safety Frameworks

    The escalating crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) demands innovative therapeutic strategies beyond conventional antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), particularly those originating from the human, animal, and environmental microbiome, represent a promising frontier within public health microbiology and microbial food safety. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have revolutionized the discovery pipeline, enabling high-throughput mining of...

13. Surveillance, Detection and Therapeutic Innovation in Antimicrobial Resistance in the Age of Polycrisis: From Genomic and Digital Innovation to One Health Integration

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance is increasingly strained by interconnected global crises, i.e., pandemics, climate change, armed conflicts, population mobility, and health inequalities, that disrupt healthcare delivery, diagnostic capacity, and laboratory infrastructure. In parallel, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, whole-genome sequencing, metagenomics, and digital surveillance offer the potential to shift from reactive reporting to predictive intelligence that...

14. Distribution of beta-Lactamase Resistance Genes in the Environment: A Systematic Review

    The pervasive antimicrobial resistance (AMR) propagation in the environment constitutes a global concern, with wastewater being identified as a considerable contributor to the dissemination of resistance determinants. Introducing antibiotics and other pollutants into natural ecosystems via human activities has been considered a key factor in exacerbating this issue. This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines...

15. Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Salmonella: Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms, Global Dissemination Dynamics, and Clinical Countermeasures

    Increasing clinical use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics has led to a rapid surge in fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella strains, markedly constraining the therapeutic armamentarium and increasing treatment failure risks. Epidemiological surveillance reveals high prevalence rates of resistant isolates across Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas, with infection-associated mortality remaining persistently elevated-a situation that poses a formidable threat to global public health. Despite this...

16. Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Sports Nutrition: Biological Rationale and Current Evidence

    Established sports-nutrition strategies support fueling, hydration, and muscle protein turnover, but strenuous exercise also challenges gastrointestinal, microbial, immune, metabolic, and musculoskeletal homeostasis. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are structurally diverse bioactive glycans that can selectively influence gut microbial composition, microbial metabolism, intestinal barrier integrity, and immune function. These properties provide a biological rationale for investigating HMOs in...

17. Host Defense Peptides for Intracellular Bacterial Infections: Overcoming Translational Barriers Through Peptide Engineering and Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems

    Intracellular bacterial infections represent a major therapeutic challenge due to the ability of pathogens to persist within host cells, evade host immune surveillance and exhibit reduced susceptibility to conventional antibiotics. Consequently, these infections are often associated with severe clinical manifestations, antibiotic resistance, treatment failure, and increased mortality. Host-directed therapies have emerged as a promising approach by strengthening host defense mechanisms through...

18. Reimagining Antimicrobial Drug Delivery: Spatiotemporally Adaptive Therapeutics for Biofilm-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance

    Antimicrobial therapy may fail even when an agent is intrinsically active if effective drug exposure is not achieved at the site of infection at the appropriate time. This challenge is particularly important in biofilm-associated infections and infections caused by drug-resistant pathogens, where biological barriers, spatial heterogeneity, and changing microbial states can limit treatment effectiveness. This narrative review examines advanced antimicrobial delivery from a problem-oriented...

19. From Antimicrobial Biomaterials to Infection-Resilient Interfaces: Engineering the Host, Microbe, and Material Interface Against Drug-Resistant Biofilms

    Drug-resistant biofilm infections remain a major challenge for medical devices and implants. Biofilm formation can reduce antimicrobial effectiveness through physiological heterogeneity, tolerance, persistence, and interactions with the host and biomaterial surface. Antimicrobial biomaterials have been developed to prevent colonization, detect infection, provide antimicrobial activity, control established biofilms, and support tissue recovery. However, their performance depends on the biological...

20. AbaI/AbaR Quorum Sensing in Acinetobacter baumannii: Virulence Regulation, Epithelial Injury, Innate Immune Activation and Anti-Virulence Strategies

    Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is an important cause of healthcare-associated infections due to its remarkable capacity for environmental persistence and multidrug resistance. The quorum-sensing (QS) network, particularly the AbaI/AbaR system, contributes to the regulation of several traits involved in colonization and infection. Current evidence indicates that AbaI/AbaR-mediated signalling coordinates biofilm formation, surface-associated motility, antimicrobial tolerance via modulation...

21. Azithromycin Derivatives for Overcoming Antibacterial Resistance: Structural Modification and Structure-Activity Relationships

    Antimicrobial resistance has significantly compromised the therapeutic efficacy of many antibiotics, highlighting the need for new agents capable of overcoming bacterial resistance. The discovery of antibiotics in the early 20th century contributed significantly to transforming modern medicine and saved countless lives. However, the alarming increase in antibiotic resistance now threatens these achievements. The misuse and overuse of antibiotics have driven the continuous evolution and...

22. Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Preventing Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Women: A Narrative Review

    Background: It is estimated that approximately 20-30% of women suffer from recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs). The disease is primarily bacterial, especially Escherichia coli, making antibiotics the standard treatment. Increasing antibiotic resistance of uropathogens reduces treatment effectiveness. Therefore, non-antibiotic approaches are increasingly being investigated for the management of rUTIs. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of currently available and...

23. Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: An Integrative Systematic Review

    Background/Objectives: The global rise in antimicrobial resistance has intensified the search for alternative therapeutic strategies capable of overcoming bacterial tolerance and biofilm-associated infections. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have emerged as promising candidates due to their physicochemical properties and potential multimodal mechanisms of action. This integrative review aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of iron oxide nanoparticles against...

24. Clinical Development of Antibacterial Drugs: Recent Progress and Future Outlook

    The growing burden of antibiotic resistance demands the development of new antibacterials, including those with novel targets and mechanisms of action. This review summarizes key antibacterials that were in clinical development from 2010 to 2026, highlighting their antibacterial classes, mechanisms of action, antibacterial spectrum, clinical applications, development status, and resistance concerns. Antibacterial development during this period encompasses improvements to established antibiotic...

25. Understanding Contemporary Determinants of Antimicrobial Resistance: Towards One Health Literacy and Differentiated Responsibility

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is commonly framed as a consequence of antimicrobial use, yet many conditions that shape resistance arise before treatment is considered and outside clinical care. This review examines contemporary determinants of AMR across human health, animal health, food production, environmental systems, and wider social and institutional contexts. Determinants are organized around common pathways, such as infection burden, antimicrobial exposure, selection pressure,...

26. Artificial Intelligence in the Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance: Applications in Diagnosis, Susceptibility Prediction, Precision Dosing, and Antibiotic Discovery

    CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence demonstrates that AI can generate technically promising predictions, but it does not yet establish consistent clinical or economic benefit. Discrimination alone is insufficient to demonstrate clinical usefulness. Prospective multicenter trials, clinically meaningful outcome measures, external validation, continuous monitoring for model drift, and formal implementation and cost-effectiveness evaluations are required before widespread adoption.

27. The Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes from the One Health Perspective

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex One Health problem involving people, non-human species, and the environment. This review examines the distribution and transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) across these domains. One Health has broken the long-standing isolation of MDR research by establishing a unified cross-disciplinary analytical framework, supporting interdisciplinary MDR studies, and systematically mapping the complete...

28. Antimicrobial Stewardship During Lactation: Current Evidence on the Human Milk-Infant Microbiome Axis and Neurodevelopment

    Human milk is increasingly recognized as a complex biological system that contributes to infant development through nutritional, immunological, and microbial pathways. Simultaneously, antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) has become a global healthcare priority because of rising antimicrobial resistance and concerns regarding the ecological consequences of antibiotic exposure during early life. This narrative review examines current evidence regarding the impact of anti-infective therapies during...

29. Systemic Perioperative Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Penile Prosthesis Implantation: A Systematic Review

    CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence identifies no superior antibacterial regimen and does not support routine prolonged prophylaxis. The exploratory antifungal signal and the preliminary renal safety signal with weight-based gentamicin warrant prospective, standardised multicentre evaluation before either informs routine practice.

30. Antibiotic Therapy in Acute Infectious Diarrhea and Clostridioides difficile Infection: Clinical Indications, Antimicrobial Stewardship, and Evidence Gaps

    CONCLUSIONS: The principal stewardship priorities are appropriate patient selection, culture and susceptibility testing when the results may change management, and use of the shortest effective regimen supported by the available evidence.

31. Piezocatalytic Therapy for Periodontitis: From Biofilm Disruption to Immunomodulatory Tissue Regeneration

    Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by an interplay between microbial dysbiosis and dysregulated host immune responses. Traditional therapies, including scaling and root planing combined with localized antimicrobial administration, often struggle with the drug resistance of structured biofilms and persistent inflammation. Piezocatalysis is an emerging on-demand intervention that, in situ, transforms mechanical energy from both endogenous and exogenous sources into...

32. Cold plasma technology as a novel antimicrobial platform: mechanisms, efficacy, and clinical translation: a systematic literature review

    CONCLUSION: CAP represents a promising multi-target approach to antimicrobial therapy, offering a multi-target mechanism that circumvents conventional resistance pathways. While standardization and dosimetry challenges remain, CAP holds immense potential for integration into clinical practice against AMR.

33. Diet-driven cardiometabolic dysfunction as a potential amplifier of antimicrobial resistance: mechanistic evidence, gut resistome ecology, and dual-action nutraceutical interventions

    Over the last 30 years, two population-scale health crises have emerged as the epidemic of diet-related cardiometabolic disease (obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease) and the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a major cause of death globally. Typically, they are investigated and controlled independently of each other. AMR may be amplified by diet-induced cardiometabolic dysfunction, which is not a parallel but an upstream, under-recognized burden. We...

34. Microbial-derived metabolites in cancer: evidence boundaries, immune mechanisms and translational pathways

    Microbial metabolites can suppress or promote tumor development and modify treatment response, but the direction of an effect depends on its chemical identity, anatomical source, concentration and host target. This narrative review critically examines short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan derivatives, secondary bile acids, colibactin, cyclic dinucleotides and microbial activities that alter anticancer drugs. We distinguish individual metabolites from postbiotic preparations, microbial components...

35. Halogenated and metallic scaffolds as novel efflux pump inhibitors: mechanistic insight in overcoming antimicrobial and cross-domain resistance

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasing rapidly, necessitating the development of non-traditional therapeutic approaches. Overexpression of bacterial efflux pumps mediates active extrusion of drugs and is a major mechanism underlying multidrug resistance (MDR) in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens. Inhibition of efflux pumps (EPIs) can restore the activity of conventional antibiotics that have lost efficacy due to resistance. Here, we examine two classes of non-antibiotic...

36. Advances in Research on the Genotype-Phenotype Correspondence of Antibiotic Resistance in Helicobacter pylori and Its Molecular Mechanisms: A Narrative Review

    Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), recognized as the primary pathogen responsible for chronic gastric infections, has exhibited an increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, which significantly impairs the efficacy of clinical treatments. In recent years, the extensive utilization of antibiotics alongside the rising prevalence of resistant strains has elevated the investigation of the resistance mechanisms of H. pylori to a prominent area of research. This article systematically examines the...

37. Autophagy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: host defense, bacterial countermeasures, and therapeutic targeting

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a major opportunistic pathogen whose diverse virulence strategies, increasing antibiotic resistance, and ability to establish persistent infections continue to compromise the efficacy of conventional antimicrobial therapies. Although traditionally regarded as an extracellular pathogen, P. aeruginosa can also enter and persist within host cells, triggering inflammatory responses and cellular injury while simultaneously modulating host autophagic...

38. Synergistic effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles and antibiotics: a strategy to combat bacterial resistance

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continues to compromise the clinical utility of conventional antibiotics, highlighting the need for innovative adjuvant strategies. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) have gained attention due to their intrinsic antimicrobial properties and capacity to potentiate antibiotic activity through multimodal mechanisms. This scoping review systematically mapped current evidence on ZnO-NP with antibiotics combinations (ZnO-NP-antibiotic) following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines....

39. Coordinated Virulence in Acinetobacter baumannii: Mechanisms, Integration and Therapeutic Opportunities

    Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a significant multi-drug-resistant (MDR) pathogen, particularly in healthcare environments, due to its large arsenal of virulence factors. This review organizes these virulence factors into three groups based primarily on location and functionality: (1) membrane-associated virulence factors, (2) outer envelope components and secreted virulence factors and (3) pili and fimbriae. Together, these factors drive motility, biofilm formation, abiotic and biotic...

40. Mapping HIV-1 Genetic Diversity and Transmission Dynamics in Central African Children: Persistent Challenges and Molecular Complexity

    Significant advancements in, and increased access to, antiretroviral therapy (ART) have substantially reduced the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. However, antiretroviral drug resistance (HIVDR) is a serious challenge affecting both adults and children. Because of high HIV prevalence and genetic diversity, Central Africa is considered the epicenter of the epidemic. Yet information on drug resistance profiles and clinical efficacy of newer antiretroviral agents among children...

41. Global Evolution of Microbiological Patterns and Pharmacological Guidance in the Management of Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis: An Evolution of Epidemiology and Clinical Practice

    Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis remains a major cause of treatment failure, hospitalisation, catheter loss and transition to haemodialysis despite reductions in incidence over the decades. This narrative review examines the global evolution of microbiological epidemiology and pharmacological management of PD-associated peritonitis, looking at global trends in microbiological epidemiology and exploring how treatment recommendations have evolved in response to changing pathogen...

42. Vibrio parahaemolyticus in a Changing World: A One Health Perspective on Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence, and Climate-Driven Risks

    Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a halophilic, Gram-negative bacterium widely distributed in marine and estuarine environments and recognized as a leading cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis worldwide. In recent decades, its global emergence has been driven by environmental changes, particularly ocean warming, as well as intensified aquaculture and the globalization of seafood trade. Representative epidemiological data illustrate this burden: V. parahaemolyticus was detected in 3.11% of 79,075...

43. Hidden Microbiome of Mining Environments: Implications for Occupational Health, Bioaerosol Exposure, and Antimicrobial Resistance

    Mining environments are extreme subsurface ecosystems characterized by elevated concentrations of metals and minerals, limited light, and high particulate loads. Occupational health research in mining has traditionally emphasized physical and chemical hazards, whereas biological exposures remain less well-characterized. This narrative review synthesizes evidence on mining-associated microbial communities, bioaerosols, occupational exposure, respiratory health, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR)....

44. Candida auris in the Middle East and North Africa: From Emerging Threat to Regional Healthcare Challenge

    Candida auris (also termed Candidozyma auris) (C. auris) is an emerging healthcare-associated yeast that has become a major concern because of its persistence in hospitals, frequent misidentification, multidrug resistance, and ability to cause outbreaks in critically ill patients. This review synthesizes the available evidence from the Gulf region, the Eastern Mediterranean region, and North Africa, with emphasis on reported case patterns, epidemiologic expansion, clade distribution, antifungal...

45. Data heterogeneity and algorithmic bias in AI-based antimicrobial resistance prediction: a systematic review and mitigation framework

    CONCLUSIONS: Data heterogeneity and algorithmic bias are the primary constraints on AI/ML-based AMR prediction, not algorithmic sophistication. The strong internal performance metrics reported across the literature do not reliably generalize to diverse populations, geographic settings, or clinical environments. Meaningful progress requires a deliberate shift in research priorities toward globally representative datasets, harmonized laboratory standards, mandatory external validation, and...

46. Bacterial competence and genetic diversity: Implications for the design of diagnostics and vaccines

    Bacterial competence and genetic diversity are key determinants of microbial evolution, directly influencing pathogen adaptability, diagnostic reliability, and vaccine effectiveness. Natural transformation, together with horizontal gene transfer and homologous recombination, enables rapid genomic remodeling, facilitating the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance, modification of diagnostic targets, and generation of antigenic variants. These processes are particularly prominent in naturally...

47. Mobile Genetic Elements Driving the Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance in Streptococci

    Streptococci are adaptable bacteria that persist as commensals or pathogens under selective pressures. This adaptability is influenced by mobile genetic elements (MGEs), which mediate horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and frequently carry antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence-associated genes. This review provides an overview of MGEs involved in the acquisition and dissemination of AMR across Streptococcus species, including human, animal-associated, and zoonotic streptococci. Integrative...

48. Tobacco smoking history and antibiotic-resistant infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

    CONCLUSION: Tobacco smoking history is associated with increased odds of antibiotic-resistant infection, with the evidence predominantly derived from studies of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Smoking cessation and tobacco-control interventions may be relevant to antimicrobial-resistance containment efforts, particularly in tuberculosis programs. Evidence concerning non-tuberculosis pathogens remains sparse, and substantial heterogeneity and residual confounding limit causal interpretation.

49. Next-generation point-of-care diagnostics for urinary tract infections: a systematic review of rapid pathogen detection methods

    CONCLUSIONS: Point-of-care diagnostic platforms substantially reduce diagnostic turnaround, improve antibiotic stewardship, and offer cost-effective alternatives to conventional culture. The Sysmex PA-100 system currently represents the most clinically validated phenotypic point-of-care tool for uncomplicated urinary infections management. Future research should focus on expanding diagnostic panels, validating clinical outcomes, and facilitating integration into primary care and antimicrobial...

50. Geographic and genomic determinants of antimicrobial resistance in indian children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

    CONCLUSION: Antimicrobial resistance in Indian children is highly prevalent and geographically heterogeneous, with up to five-fold regional differences in carbapenem resistance. In high-burden regions, these resistance levels are likely to compromise the effectiveness of standard empirical therapies, particularly in neonatal and critical care settings. These findings support the urgent need for region-specific empirical treatment guidelines, pediatric-focused antimicrobial stewardship, and...

51. From Soil to Shelf: Teixobactin at Ten─Mechanism, SAR, and the Road to Clinical Application

    The discovery of teixobactin in 2015 was a landmark in the fight against antimicrobial resistance, introducing a novel antibiotic scaffold with a unique mechanism of action. Isolated from the previously unculturable soil bacterium Eleftheria terrae using the innovative iChip technology, teixobactin initially showed the remarkable ability to kill pathogens without apparent development of resistance. Over the past decade, intensive research has unraveled a complex mode of action: teixobactin...

52. Artificial Intelligence-Integrated Proteome-Wide Target Prioritization for Drug Discovery against Multidrug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae

    Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes ∼82.4 million infections annually and is rapidly approaching an untreatable status. The pathogen has developed resistance to every antibiotic class introduced since the sulfonamide era. Ceftriaxone, the last WHO- and CDC-recommended empirical therapy, is now compromised by high-level resistance in extensively drug-resistant lineages reported across multiple continents. No licensed vaccine exists, and no antibiotic with a novel mechanism has been introduced for this...

53. Nanoparticles Against Antimicrobial Resistance: Chemical Design, Assembly, and Emerging Applications

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an escalating global health concern, with increasing rates of morbidity and mortality associated with multidrug-resistant infections worldwide. Despite intensive efforts to discover antimicrobial compounds, few candidates progress to clinical trials, and even fewer achieve market approval. A promising approach to address the current stagnation in antibiotic discovery is the development of advanced antimicrobial delivery platforms, which can enhance the efficacy,...

54. Emerging contaminants in hospital wastewater: A critical review of characteristics, fate, risks, and treatment

    Hospital wastewater (HWW) represents a critical source of environmental and public health concerns, particularly in the post-epidemic era marked by frequent infectious disease outbreaks. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the characteristics, fate, risks, and remediation strategies of emerging contaminants (ECs) in HWW. The characteristics and properties of typical ECs reported in HWW are systematically analyzed. Six major classes of pharmaceuticals and ten classes of antibiotics...

55. Repurposing Ionophores to Tackle Antimicrobial Resistance with a Focus on PBT2

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a growing global health challenge. While resistant bacterial strains continue to emerge and spread, the development of new antibiotics has remained slow. This gap has increased interest in drug repurposing as a promising strategy to combat multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Ionophores are a structurally diverse group of natural and synthetic compounds that transport ions across biological membranes. Many ionophores were originally developed and widely...

56. Emerging Molecular Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in ESKAPE Pathogens: A Comprehensive Review

    The rise of antimicrobial resistance has marked ESKAPE pathogens as a serious global health threat, primarily due to the limitations and frequent failures of broad-spectrum antibiotic-based treatment. Moreover, the misuse and overuse of antibiotics have further complicated the management of bacterial infections by enhancing the risk of secondary infections. Despite traditional antibiotic development, there is a need for novel strategies to tackle the rising menace of ESKAPE pathogens. During the...

57. Invasive guests: the role of non-oral bacteria in oral dysbiosis and systemic health

    CONCLUSIONS: Recognizing the oral cavity as a dynamic niche for non-oral bacteria underscores the need for integrated culture- and molecular-based diagnostic approaches, improved infection control strategies, and further research into their pathogenic potential.

58. Economic Barriers to Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing as a Structural Contributor to Antimicrobial Resistance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Narrative Review

    CONCLUSION: Economic barriers to AST are a structural, multi-level contributor to AMR in LMICs. Sustainable AMR control requires financed national action plans that explicitly fund accessible, quality-assured AST alongside prescribing reform.

59. Recent advances in the synthesis, structural diversification, and biological evaluation of sulfamethoxazole derivatives

    Sulfamethoxazole is a clinically important sulfonamide antibiotic that remains a valuable pharmacophore in medicinal chemistry due to its established antibacterial activity and structural versatility. However, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and limitations related to solubility, pharmacokinetics, and safety have encouraged extensive structural modification of the sulfamethoxazole scaffold. This review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis, structural diversification, and...

60. Environmental occurrence and dissemination of colistin resistance in contaminated aquatic systems: a systematic review of eight observational studies

    INTRODUCTION: Colistin is a last-resort antibiotic used against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. The emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance, particularly mcr genes, has raised concerns about the environmental persistence and dissemination of resistance determinants. Aquatic environments may serve as reservoirs and dissemination pathways for colistin resistance; however, the available evidence remains fragmented. This systematic review aimed to synthesize...

61. Community context redirects evolutionary trajectories under stress

    Adaptation to abiotic stress is typically studied in single-species cultures, yet bacteria inhabit and evolve in multispecies communities where neighboring organisms reshape, for example, nutrient availability, redox state, and cellular physiology. We recently demonstrated that interspecies interactions can alter the fitness effects of antibiotic resistance mutations, and we suggest that this reflects a broader principle. Stress-response networks are extensively cross-regulated and draw upon a...

62. Microbial resistance from genotype to metabolic phenotype

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an escalating global threat, yet surveillance and mechanistic understanding remain anchored in individual resistance genes, an approach that is inadequate for capturing the ecological, genomic, and metabolic complexity through which resistance emerges and spreads. In this opinion article, we argue that genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) offer a principled framework for advancing AMR research beyond this gene-centric paradigm. Strain-resolved GEMs embed...

63. Meta-analysis of dietary chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) modulation of the growth performance of broiler chickens

    Antibiotic growth promoters are increasingly restricted in broiler production over concerns about antimicrobial resistance, prompting interest in phytotherapies such as chicory. However, individual trials on dietary chicory in broilers report inconsistent effects on growth performance, limiting confident commercial translation. This study synthesized data from 2010 to 2025 to estimate the pooled effect of chicory on feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in...

64. Antibiotic enrichment in seawater from solid-phase extraction to molecularly imprinted polymers and covalent organic frameworks

    Antibiotic residues in seawater and the associated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) pose serious threats to marine ecosystems and human health. Accurate monitoring of antibiotics depends on efficient enrichment, but the high salinity and complex dissolved organic matter in seawater render conventional solid-phase extraction (SPE) susceptible to severe matrix effects and poor selectivity. This review systematically evaluates the limitations of SPE in seawater matrices and examines two emerging...

65. How do we monitor doxy-PEP impact and when should we consider revisiting guidelines?

    The 2026 WHO guidelines recommending doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis (doxy-PEP) represent the first global antibiotic prophylaxis recommendation for bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs), with provisions for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) monitoring.Doxy-PEP should be governed as an adaptive intervention subject to periodic, transparent review, but establishing decision rules faces challenges.Doxy-PEP is expected to select for resistance, including in Neisseria gonorrhoeae,...

66. Mechanisms and Application of Bacteriophages in Regulating Intestinal Health of Livestock and Poultry

    The escalating crisis of antibiotic resistance has driven the global livestock and poultry industry to seek effective alternatives. Bacteriophages (phages) are promising candidates because their high host specificity allows targeted elimination of key intestinal pathogens, including Salmonella, Campylobacter, pathogenic Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens, while sparing commensal microbiota. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which phages promote intestinal health in livestock...

67. CRISPR Technology Applied to the Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Environment

    Environmental transmission of antibiotic resistance poses a risk to human health. Understanding the behavior and health risks of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment requires accurate nucleic acid analyses. Technical challenges remain in the sequencing of ARGs in low abundance relative to total environmental DNA and in on-site analysis. CRISPR technology has been applied to the characterization and monitoring of ARGs in various environmental media. For sequencing of ARGs, CRISPR...

68. Impact of the urinary microbiome on urinary tract infection progression

    CONCLUSIONS: Standard urine culture may be insufficient for managing recurrent or atypical UTIs. We advocate for a personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approach that integrates molecular insights, aiming to curb antibiotic overuse and improve patient outcomes in the era of rising drug resistance.

69. Microplastics and nanoplastics as potential ecological oncogenic co-drivers: rewiring host-microbe interactions in cancer

    Microplastics and nanoplastics (MPs/NPs) are increasingly recognized as biologically active interfaces that may reshape host-microbe interactions in carcinogenesis. This review proposes a hypothesis-generating mechanistic framework in which MPs/NPs may influence cancer-related processes through the integration of environmental exposure, epithelial barrier disruption, immune dysregulation, and tumor microenvironment remodeling. Although applicable to multiple epithelial interfaces, the framework...

70. Prospects of pathogen whole-genome sequencing in outbreak tracing and antimicrobial resistance surveillance of spinal infections

    Spinal infections are a serious category of deep-seated infectious diseases that pose significant threats to human health. They are caused by a broad and complex spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and rare opportunistic organisms. Traditional diagnostic methods often face limitations in timeliness, accuracy, and source-tracing capability. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS), with its high resolution and throughput, provides comprehensive genetic information from pathogens, opening new...

71. Prevalence of Y93H resistance-associated substitution in treatment-naive hepatitis C virus genotype 1b patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

    CONCLUSION: The Y93H substitution is a frequent naturally occurring variant in untreated HCV genotype 1b infection. Despite reduced clinical relevance with pangenotypic DAAs, its persistence warrants continued monitoring. Standardized sequencing and global resistance surveillance remain essential for optimizing treatment strategies and informing antiviral policy.

72. Phage Therapy as a Self-Replicating Strategy for Besieged Health Systems

    CONCLUSION: Bacteriophage therapy represents a biologically rational and logistically feasible intervention for health systems under siege. While large-scale randomised controlled trial evidence remains limited, pragmatic deployment supported by compassionate use data and adaptive regulatory frameworks provides justification for clinical application against otherwise untreatable infections in conflict and resource-limited settings. Targeted investments in phage biobanking, rapid point-of-care...

73. Intratumoral microbiota and their emerging role in the tumor microenvironment

    Intratumoral microbiota, as an important component of the tumor microenvironment, have attracted increasing attention in recent years for their roles in tumor initiation, progression, and therapeutic regulation. Accumulating evidence indicates that low-abundance yet relatively stable microbial communities are present in a variety of solid tumors, exhibiting marked tumor-type specificity and spatial heterogeneity. Current studies suggest that intratumoral microorganisms contribute to tumor...

74. Bacteriophage Therapy in Cystic Fibrosis: Emerging Strategies for Managing Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the leading cause of chronic respiratory infection in people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) and remains a major driver of morbidity and premature mortality. The unique environment of the CF lung promotes persistent colonisation, biofilm formation, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes, severely limiting the effectiveness of conventional antibiotic therapies. Despite aggressive and prolonged antibiotic regimens, eradication of chronic P. aeruginosa...

75. Gut microbiome-shaped chemotherapy responses across cancer types: mechanisms of resistance, biomarkers, and targeted interventions

    Cytotoxic chemotherapy remains an important component of multimodal treatment for many solid tumors, but resistance and dose-limiting toxicities continue to constrain clinical benefit. The gut microbiome can influence chemotherapy response through microbial drug biotransformation, metabolite signaling, intestinal-barrier integrity, systemic immune regulation, and tumor-cell stress and death pathways. Across solid tumors, the evidence is strongest in colorectal cancer, where clinical associations...

76. Molecular Detection Technologies for Helicobacter pylori Antibiotic Resistance: Current Status and Clinical Implications

    Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infects approximately half of the global population and is closely linked to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. Antibiotic resistance has become a major global health concern with marked regional variations, severely undermining empirical treatment efficacy. Resistance mechanisms primarily involve target gene mutations, efflux pump overexpression, and altered membrane permeability. This review summarizes resistance mechanisms of commonly used...

77. Generating Actionable Data From Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance: Insights From the Fleming Fund's International Experience

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health threat, with the greatest burden falling on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) also challenged with limited surveillance capacity. The UK Government's Fleming Fund was established in 2015 to strengthen AMR surveillance across Africa and Asia through a One Health approach. This paper draws on program experience, country implementation evidence, and published literature to describe how the Fleming Fund operationalized AMR surveillance,...

78. Surveillance Data Use Through the Fleming Fund: Informing Action on Antimicrobial Resistance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

    CONCLUSIONS: Fleming Fund experience suggests that surveillance is more likely to inform action when data use is built into system design. Continued investment will be needed if AMR surveillance is to improve policy and practice in low- and middle-income countries.

79. Procalcitonin-Guided Antimicrobial Therapy: Current Evidence for Clinical Decision-Making and Practical Limitations

    Antimicrobial resistance and unnecessary antibiotic exposure remain significant problems in clinical practice. Procalcitonin (PCT) has emerged as a clinically relevant biomarker to assist in antibiotic decision-making in patients with suspected bacterial infections. PCT levels may increase in response to bacterial infection and changes in disease activity; however, its diagnostic performance and clinical value are context-dependent, and interpretation of its results requires careful...

80. Azithromycin in crisis: antimicrobial resistance, diagnostics gaps, and vaccine-linked stewardship for enteric infections in low- and middle-income countries

    CONCLUSION: Preserving azithromycin requires coordinated health-system interventions that integrate accessible diagnostics, pathogen-directed antimicrobial stewardship, resistance surveillance, regulation of antibiotic access, and vaccination. Such an approach is particularly important in LMICs, where azithromycin remains one of the few accessible oral options for severe enteric infections.

81. Neurotoxicity of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics in Urinary Tract Infections: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

    Urinary tract infections (UTIs) remain among the most common bacterial infections worldwide, affecting millions every year. While Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the predominant pathogen, a broad range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms can be implicated. Treating UTIs, particularly complicated or severe infections, frequently relies on broad-spectrum antibiotics, often started empirically before identifying the causative pathogen. However, despite their ability to cover a wide spectrum...

82. Quorum sensing and quenching as integrated strategies for antimicrobial resistance mitigation in aquaculture: Applications and future directions

    The rapid expansion of aquaculture has been accompanied by an increased prevalence of bacterial diseases, leading to widespread antibiotic use and the accelerated emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Rising water temperatures and environmental stressors further exacerbate pathogen proliferation and disease outbreaks, posing significant threats to global aquaculture productivity and sustainability. Quorum sensing (QS), a bacterial cell-to-cell communication system, plays a central role in...

83. Biomaterials for environmental control of AMR dissemination

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens human, animal, agricultural, and environmental health, driven by horizontal and vertical gene transfer. Conventional wastewater treatment removes 63-94% of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) but fails to eliminate ARGs and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, while generating toxic sludge. This review evaluates advanced biomaterials, including silver and gold nanoparticles, reactive oxygen species, magnetic nanocomposites, targeted disruption of metabolic...

84. Alternative and Synergistic Strategies Against Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Clinical and Environmental Settings

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) poses a serious global health threat, undermining treatment outcomes and necessitating the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major contributor to this burden, with increasing prevalence in hospitals, contaminated food, and environmental sources. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic further intensified S. aureus resistance due to widespread...

85. Bile acid metabolism and signaling in human and animal health: A One Health perspective

    The One Health concept emphasizes the interdependence of human, animal, and ecosystem health. Against this broad backdrop, bile acids (BAs), as central products of host-microbiota co-metabolism, act far beyond their classical role in lipid emulsification. This review systematically summarizes BA biosynthesis, enterohepatic circulation, and gut microbiota-mediated metabolic modification. We highlight how gut microbiota-derived secondary BAs and farnesoid X receptor and Takeda G protein-coupled...

86. Novel molecular targets and natural drug candidates for the antifungal therapy of seborrheic dermatitis

    Background: The prevalence of seborrheic dermatitis (SD) involving scalp and non-scalp areas has spread worldwide because of the decreasing susceptibility to azole antifungal drugs and increasing diffusion of the multidrug-resistant fungi of Malassezia species. The antifungal resistance results from structural changes of well-known and new molecular targets and biochemical adaptations of fungi to the standard synthetical treatment. Meanwhile, the research and use of traditional plant products as...

87. Polysaccharide-mediated modulation of gut microbiota and lysine lactylation: implications for tumor microenvironment remodeling and cancer immunotherapy

    Despite the revolutionary clinical benefits of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), their therapeutic efficacy is largely hampered by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) as well as primary and acquired drug resistance. Natural polysaccharides serve as promising immunomodulators to boost anti-tumor immunity, yet their systematic regulatory network remains poorly characterized. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that gut microbiota and its fermentative metabolites, including...

88. Management of Recurrent Vaginitis

    PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes current evidence regarding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of recurrent BV, recurrent VVC, and persistent trichomoniasis while highlighting emerging therapies and research priorities.

89. Antibiotic Stewardship in Cirrhosis: Current Recommendations and Clinical Challenges

    Bacterial infections are a major cause of mortality in cirrhosis, with antibiotic prophylaxis and empirical treatment embedded in international guidelines. However, the prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms and the epidemiology of infections have shifted considerably in recent decades. This review critically appraises the evidence underlying guideline recommendations on antibiotic prophylaxis for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and acute variceal bleeding in cirrhosis, and antimicrobial...

90. Intratumoral microbiota in cancer immunotherapy: metabolic-epigenetic crosstalk and engineered bacterial therapeutics

    The intratumoral microbiome critically influences immunotherapy efficacy by modulating the host immune microenvironment and epigenetic landscape through its metabolites. Microbial derived metabolites such as short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, trimethylamine N oxide, and tryptophan derivatives reprogram host cell epigenetics via DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, thereby shaping anti-tumor immunity and driving either immune activation or resistance. In turn,...

91. Bacterial extracellular vesicles: their nature and role in human pathology

    Extracellular vesicles have been observed to bud from eukaryotic cells and bacteria. These membranebound, spherical structures range from 20 to 500 nm in diameter and enclose diverse molecular components. In eukaryotic cells, exosomes represent the prototypical extracellular vesicles. Gram-negative bacteria release outer membrane vesicles, whereas Gram-positive bacteria produce membrane vesicles despite their thick peptidoglycan-rich cell wall. More recently, outer-inner membrane vesicles have...

92. Carbonic Anhydrases in Mycobacteria: Linking Metabolic Adaptation to Phenotypic Drug Tolerance

    Tuberculosis (TB) treatment is increasingly challenged by both antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and phenotypic drug tolerance, the latter representing a reversible physiological state that contributes to persistence and prolonged therapy. While AMR is driven by heritable genetic mutations, drug tolerance arises from reversible physiological adaptations that enable bacterial survival during prolonged antibiotic exposure. Increasing evidence suggests that metabolic remodeling plays a central role in...

93. Taking Charge Against the Silent Pandemic-Electrochemical Characterization of Drug Resistance

    The occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and chemoresistance (CMR) during bacterial infections and cancer progression, respectively, has become a serious threat leading to increased mortality rates and putting significant pressure on healthcare systems globally. The design and application of new bioanalytical methodologies capable of early AMR and CMR detection in patients is urgently needed to overcome the challenges imposed by drug resistance. Electrochemical methods and (bio)sensors...

94. Essential Oils as Plant-Derived Bioherbicides: Prospects for Sustainable Weed Management-A Narrative Review

    Growing herbicide resistance and concerns regarding the environmental and health impacts of synthetic herbicides have intensified interest in plant-derived weed-management products. This review assesses the phytotoxic, herbicidal, and allelopathic potential of essential oils, emphasizing efficacy, selectivity, formulation, and delivery. Relevant literature was identified through searches of Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, using terms related to essential oils, phytotoxicity,...

95. Antibacterial Plant Secondary Metabolites: Mechanisms of Action, Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Translational Potential

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has intensified the need for antibacterial agents with alternative chemical scaffolds and mechanisms of action. Plant-derived antibacterial compounds represent a chemically diverse source of bioactive molecules, but their therapeutic potential depends not only on in vitro potency but also on mechanistic validation, pharmacokinetic exposure, pharmacodynamic relationships, and biological safety. This review critically examines evidence published from 2014 to 2026 on...

96. Beyond Co-Occurrence: A Framework for Interpreting Antibiotic-ARG Decoupling in Aquatic Systems and Its Implications for Aquatic Animal Health in a Changing World

    Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are widespread in aquatic ecosystems affected by climate variability, urbanization, and intensifying aquaculture. Yet parent-antibiotic concentrations and resistance-related genetic endpoints do not always vary in parallel across seasons, sites, or environmental compartments. This discrepancy matters for aquatic animals as ecological receptors, potential vectors, and targets for antimicrobial resistance monitoring and management. To examine...

97. Antibiotic Prophylaxis of Infective Endocarditis in Dentistry: An Update on the ESC, AHA, and NICE Guidelines

    Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare but life-threatening infection of the endocardial surface of the heart, usually arising when circulating microorganisms colonise the cardiac valves; it carries an in-hospital mortality of roughly 15-30%. Because oral viridans group streptococci cause a substantial proportion of community-acquired cases, antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) before invasive dental procedures has historically been central to prevention, placing dental practitioners at the centre of a...

98. Biofilm Formation on Invasive Medical Devices in Adult Intensive Care Units: A Scoping Review of Biomedical and Clinical Evidence

    Background/Objectives: Biofilm formation on invasive medical devices represents a major challenge in intensive care units (ICUs), contributing to device-associated infections, antimicrobial resistance, and adverse clinical outcomes. Despite its clinical relevance, the extent and characteristics of the available evidence on biofilm formation in invasive medical devices used in adult ICUs remain heterogeneous and incompletely mapped. The objective was to map and characterize the available evidence...

99. Effective bio-activities of the metal nanoparticles mycosynthesized by the plants' fungal endophytes

    Fungal endophytes act as bio-nano factories and are favored over bacteria and plant extracts, as they secrete large quantities of proteins and enzymes, facilitating stable, efficient, and economic nanoparticle synthesis. This review highlights the advantages of plant-associated fungal endophytes as bio-factories for metal nanoparticles (MNPs) synthesis and critically examines the biological activities and potential applications of these MNPs in human health, food technology, and agriculture....

100. The other side of the coin: health-related applications of some metabolites produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

     Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen with high intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistant levels, so the World Health Organization has defined this bacterium as a priority pathogen for research. In the case of Mexico, different strains belonging to a sequence-type (ST309) that is considered as high-risk due to its wide geographical distribution in different countries, and its high levels of antimicrobial resistance have been isolated, so the research with this bacterium is an...