ANTIBIOTICO RESISTENZA

1. Advancements in Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia as a Promising Strategy to Combat Antibacterial Resistance

   Antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-associated infections increasingly undermine the efficacy of conventional antibiotic therapy, creating a need for localized treatments that combine complementary physical and chemical antibacterial mechanisms. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are particularly attractive because they can be magnetically targeted, surface-functionalized, imaged, and remotely activated using an alternating magnetic field (AMF). This Review critically examines...

2. Harnessing gasotransmitters for orthopaedic infection therapy: Mechanisms and advanced delivery platforms

   Orthopaedic infections are increasingly prevalent in the aging population, posing a significant clinical and economic burden. Despite progress in antimicrobial therapies, challenges such as antibiotic resistance and superbug emergence persist. Gas therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for managing orthopaedic infections. Classical gasotransmitters-including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S)-exhibit antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects at controlled...

3. Microbial Signals in Cancer: Dissecting Host-Microbiota-Tumor Interactions and Potential Therapeutic Strategy

   Cancers develop within a host ecosystem in which kinds of factors such as gut and tumor-resident microbiota influence the tumor microenvironment (TME) and therapeutic response. High-throughput sequencing has revealed the presence of low-biomass bacteria, fungi, and viruses across diverse malignancies, establishing the intratumoral microbiota as a fundamental TME component. However, evidence remains fragmented across descriptive associations, unclear mechanisms, and early clinical interventions,...

4. Repurposing antimicrobial agents for neuroprotection: Mechanisms, clinical potential, and challenges

   Antimicrobial agents, originally developed for infectious diseases, have become attractive candidates for repurposing in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases owing to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective activities. In this review, we critically examine the therapeutic potential of selected antimicrobial classes, including tetracyclines (e.g., minocycline), macrolides (e.g., azithromycin), antimalarial agents (e.g.,...

5. Antimicrobial resistance in Noma control: a costly neglect within existing neglect

   CONCLUSION: AMR risks reversing gains in Noma control, and treatment centers may become AMR amplification sites without stewardship. Given limited microbiology data, we recommend adding AMR indicators to WHO and national Noma strategies, integrating anaerobic AMR surveillance at sentinel sites, generating Noma-specific antibiograms, and mandating antimicrobial stewardship in Noma programs. Mainstreaming AMR in Noma research and policy is essential to preserve therapeutic options.

6. Planetary health and pharmacology: Addressing the ecological impact and circular threat of pharmaceuticals

   Drug safety science has expanded beyond patient-level pharmacovigilance to address the environmental consequences of pharmaceutical use. Pharmaceuticals are now detected across diverse ecosystems, but traditional single-compound, high-dose toxicological frameworks remain inadequate for evaluating chronic, low-dose, multi-compound environmental exposures. This review provides a mechanistic analysis of pharmaceutical ecotoxicity, tracing how molecular interactions with conserved biological targets...

7. Simulating the host niche: balancing complexity and control in the experimental evolution of antibiotic resistance and pathoadaptation

   The 'ESKAPE' pathogens cause the majority of antibiotic-resistant infections in humans, with associated mortality expected to surpass that of cancer by 2050. Outbreak strains of these pathogens often demonstrate a remarkable ability to establish infection and easily acquire novel antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Because the expression of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes often imposes a fitness cost, successful host-adapted strains must evolve without compromising their...

8. Metal-Organic Framework-Based and Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Nanomaterials for Cancer Theranostics and Antibacterial Applications: Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives

   Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), constructed through coordination-driven self-assembly of metal ions/clusters and organic linkers, have emerged as a uniquely versatile class of porous nanomaterials with broad biomedical potential. Despite substantial clinical progress, both oncological treatment and antimicrobial intervention remain constrained by inadequate tumor-targeting selectivity, multidrug resistance, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments, and the global proliferation of...

9. Current Helicobacter pylori Diagnostics: Established Methods, Resistance Testing, and Emerging Approaches

   CONCLUSION: Diagnostic selection should begin with the clinical question and integrate patient risk, treatment history, medication exposure, local resistance patterns, specimen access, laboratory capacity, turnaround time, and available resources. Wider adoption of newer technologies requires external validation, standardization, quality assurance, regulatory readiness, economic assessment, and evidence that results improve clinical management.

10. Metal-Based Photosensitizers as Emerging Antibacterial Agents for Infected Wound Healing

    Wound infection has become a significant public health challenge worldwide. Inappropriate wound care and excessive use of antibiotics often compromise treatment outcomes, leading to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Hence, development of novel, more effective treatment strategies is essential to reduce infection-associated mortality and minimize treatment-related side effects. Recently, antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has attracted considerable attention for the management of...

11. Salmonella Outbreaks in Low- and Middle-Income Countries over the Last Decade: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Transmission Dynamics, Clinical Outcomes, and Antimicrobial Resistance

    CONCLUSIONS: Salmonella outbreaks in LMICs are characterized by high S. Typhi prevalence and predominant waterborne transmission. Elevated mortality and widespread first-line antibiotic resistance show the need for improved WASH infrastructure, enhanced real-time outbreak surveillance, and revised empiric treatment protocols.

12. Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Women: Current Management Guidelines and Therapeutic Options

    Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) are a common clinical problem affecting women worldwide. These infections significantly impair the quality of life, impacting social and sexual relationships, self-esteem, and work productivity. The escalating global threat of antimicrobial resistance necessitates a shift from repetitive antibiotic use toward effective non-antimicrobial preventive strategies. The objective of this literature review is to summarize the latest diagnostic and management...

13. The current studies on the mechanisms of lactic acid bacteria as probiotics in the alleviate of bovine diseases: a review

    Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are an encouraging probiotic option to antibiotics in treating typical bovine diseases, including but not limited to, mastitis, inflammatory bowel disease, diarrhea, and endometritis. The review discusses the therapeutic mechanisms of LAB in a systematic manner including competitive exclusion of pathogens, synthesis of antimicrobial products such as organic acids, bacteriocins, and short-chain fatty acids, recovery of mucosal barrier integrity by regulating tight...

14. Micro- and nanoplastics in periodontitis: mechanistic pathways and clinical implications

    Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are increasingly recognized as pervasive environmental contaminants with potential relevance to oral and periodontal health. The oral cavity is continuously exposed to MNPs through water, food, air, oral-care products, and polymer-based dental materials, placing periodontal tissues at a plausible interface between environmental exposure and chronic inflammation. Emerging evidence suggests that MNPs can aggravate biologic processes central to periodontitis,...

15. Beyond antibiotics: artificial intelligence-enabled anti-infective ecosystems for next-generation precision therapeutics against antimicrobial resistance

    The rapid global expansion of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens to undermine decades of progress in infectious disease management and highlights the limitations of conventional antibiotic-centered therapeutic strategies. Although emerging technologies-including antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophage therapy, CRISPR-based antimicrobials, microbiome therapeutics, anti-virulence approaches, nanotechnology-enabled drug delivery, and artificial intelligence (AI)-have individually demonstrated...

16. How to consider the broader economic value of antimicrobial stewardship interventions: A novel approach to cost-effectiveness evaluation

    BACKGROUND: All antibiotic use can contribute to antimicrobial resistance. By improving antibiotic prescribing, antimicrobial stewardship interventions can produce direct cost and outcome changes to those receiving the interventions, while altering long-term antimicrobial resistance trajectories to generate indirect benefits for future populations. To compare the cost-effectiveness of different antimicrobial stewardship interventions, we have to consider both the short-term direct costs and...

17. Nasopharyngeal Carriage Rate, Risk Factors, and Co-Resistance Patterns of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Ethiopia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

    Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasopharyngeal carriage is a major global health concern linked to severe infections and transmission. However, comprehensive evidence on the burden of MRSA carriage, antimicrobial resistance, and associated risk factors in Ethiopia remains limited. This study aimed to estimate pooled prevalence, resistance pattern, and determinants of nasopharyngeal MRSA carriage. PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and gray...

18. Psychotropic Drugs: A Promising Non-Antibiotic Agent to Combat Multi-Drug-Resistant Microorganisms

    Multi-drug insensitivity (MDI) to various antibiotics and the rapid dissemination of antibiotic resistance markers among the microorganisms, particularly bacteria, has become a global concern. Annually, MDI microorganisms cause 7 × 10⁶ deaths worldwide, which are expected to increase in an exponential manner in the future. The development of novel drugs for MDI microorganisms is very demanding, often taking approximately 17 years to complete. Drug repurposing refers to the discovery of drugs for...

19. Drug resistance of Mycoplasma genitalium: mechanism and regional distribution

    Mycoplasma genitalium is a significant sexually transmitted pathogen associated with various urogenital diseases and severe complications in both men and women. In recent years, advances in molecular diagnostic technologies have progressively revealed its global prevalence. Concurrently, the escalating issue of antibiotic resistance poses a major public health challenge. This review aims to summarize the clinical manifestations and resistance mechanisms of M. genitalium infection, the global...

20. Residual HIV activity and host immunometabolic remodeling during antiretroviral therapy: implications for cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic risk

    Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses productive HIV replication but does not eliminate viral persistence, residual transcription, or host immune perturbation. Low-level viremia (LLV), generally referring to detectable plasma HIV RNA below the threshold for virologic failure, has traditionally been interpreted in relation to assay variability, incomplete ART exposure, resistance, or impending rebound. Persistent or recurrent LLV may signal residual HIV activity or residual antigenic exposure,...

21. Antibiotic-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and bile acid metabolism: implications for intestinal health, immune regulation, and disease susceptibility

    Intestinal microorganisms regulate bile acid (BA) homeostasis through bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-mediated deconjugation and a series of biotransformation reactions that generate secondary BAs with potent signaling functions. Antibiotic exposure profoundly disrupts these microbial processes, leading to alterations in BA composition, diversity, and enterohepatic circulation. Recent multi-omics studies have demonstrated that antibiotics reduce the abundance of key BA-transforming bacteria, including...

22. Molecular biology and integrated strategies for activating cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters toward next-generation antibiotic discovery

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been identified as one of the 21st century's severest global public health crises. AMR led to an estimated 4.95 million deaths in 2019 and will claim 10 million lives a year by 2050 in the absence of targeted interventions. During the same period, the number of novel antibiotics discovered has decreased drastically as many researchers are rediscovering known antibiotics, non-model microorganisms are poorly understood or difficult to culture and antibiotic...

23. Ribotyping for Accurate Identification of Infectious Bacteria in Animal-Derived Foods and Laboratory Samples: Implications for Human Health

    Ribotyping is a molecular typing approach based on ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences for the identification and characterization of bacterial strains. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of ribotyping in the identification of infectious bacteria in animal-derived foods and veterinary samples. A narrative literature review was conducted using major scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, covering studies published to 2025. Relevant articles...

24. Intrinsic Disorder as a New Frontier in Antimicrobial Resistance and Bacterial Fitness

    Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are biological macromolecules lacking a well-defined structure under normal physiological conditions. These proteins can be essential for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, yet bacterial IDPs are significantly understudied. In this review, we highlight the functional importance of intrinsic disorder across a range of microbial phenomena, including effector secretion, desiccation tolerance, and the bacterial stress response. Given the emergence of...

25. Reframing Antimicrobial Peptides beyond Direct Antimicrobial Activity toward Host-Directed Functions and Disease-Specific Therapeutic Applications

    Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been extensively investigated as alternatives to conventional antibiotics to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria. This narrow antibiotic-replacement framework underestimates the biological and translational potential of AMPs. The present review reframes them as disease-context-dependent therapeutic platforms rather than universal antibiotic substitutes. In particular, this review critically examines their microbiological basis, mechanisms of action, emerging...

26. Molecular basis and therapeutic potential of sortase A inhibitors as new antibiotics against MDR pathogens

    Attaching proteins to the cell surface presents a technical challenge to Gram-positive bacteria. A class of enzymes called sortases solves this challenge by covalently anchoring proteins, including an arsenal of virulence factors, to the cell wall. Most Gram-positive bacteria have multiple critical factors that are anchored in this manner and, coupled with the extracellular location of this reaction, make sortase an attractive target for the development of antibiotics. However, since sortase is...

27. Shaping the Future Plate: Exploring the Safety Concerns of Cultivated and Conventional Meat Production

    In response to the growing global population and the unsustainable nature of current livestock agriculture, cultivated meat (CM) offers a promising alternative protein source. CM, produced through advanced tissue engineering techniques, aims to mitigate health, ethical, and environmental issues associated with conventional meat. This review evaluates the safety of CM consumption, comparing its risks and benefits to those of traditional meat. CM presents numerous advantages, including the...

28. Clinically Important Emerging and Uncommon Fungal Pathogens in Asia: Epidemiology, Antifungal Resistance and Challenges in Diagnosis and Management

    Fungal infections in Asia are influenced by warm, humid climates, high population density and expanding healthcare systems, which together facilitate the emergence, transmission and detection of both common and rare pathogens. While Candida and Aspergillus species remain the leading causes of invasive fungal disease, increasing attention has focused on uncommon yeasts and rare moulds, many of which show intrinsic or acquired antifungal resistance. Advances in molecular diagnostics and...

29. Defensins as natural antimicrobial peptide scaffolds against antimicrobial-resistant pathogens: mechanisms, resistance risks, and translational prospects

    The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance has increased the need for anti-infective approaches beyond conventional single-target antibiotics. Defensins, a conserved family of cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides, are promising candidates owing to their structural stability, membrane activity, target-specific mechanisms, immunomodulatory functions, and potential synergy with existing antibiotics. This critical narrative review discusses defensins as potential therapeutics against...

30. The 3D landscape of infection: spatial organization and in vitro models

    Microbial infections rarely consist of free-floating cells. Instead, pathogens and immune cells are typically organized into complex three-dimensional (3D) structures, including biofilms, abscesses, and granulomas, which can serve to constrain pathogen dissemination. At the same time, these architectures create protective microenvironments that promote microbial persistence, immune evasion, and increased resistance to antimicrobial therapies. A mechanistic understanding of how spatially...

31. Research Status and Prospects of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis: From Mechanisms to Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment

    Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis (HPAG) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastric mucosa caused by Helicobacter pylori infection, serving as the core etiological factor for peptic ulcers and gastric precancerous lesions. Given the persistently high global infection rates and the escalating burden of antibiotic resistance, conventional eradication therapies are encountering significant challenges. This article systematically delineates the molecular pathogenic mechanisms...

32. Pharmacomicrobiomics in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: the microbiome-drug-host triad

    The gut microbiota constitutes a metabolically active, highly diverse, organ-like ecosystem that engages in symbiotic crosstalk with the host and helps regulate digestion, immune function, and key metabolic pathways. Its endocrine-like effects are largely mediated through microbially derived metabolites and signaling networks, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acid (BA)-derived signals, trimethylamine N-oxide, and related derivatives, which collectively influence energy...

33. Design and applications of chimeric antisense oligonucleotides that bind TPP mRNAs as antibacterial agents

    The rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has created an urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies that go beyond conventional small-molecule antibiotics. Among the most promising approaches is the use of nucleic acid-based therapeutics, particularly antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), which offer high specificity in targeting essential bacterial genes at the mRNA level. Chimeric ASOs represent an advanced generation of ASOs, engineered by combining different chemical...

34. Community antibiotic access, use, and reported impacts in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review

    CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic access in sub-Saharan Africa is essential yet problematic. Sustained progress should integrate strategies that combine regulation, diagnostic support, stewardship, affordability measures, and surveillance. Additionally, research is needed to understand the link between community antibiotic use and trends in resistance.

35. Current and emerging biomaterials for targeted drug delivery in osteomyelitis management

    Osteomyelitis is a chronic bone infection that frequently necessitates extended antibiotic treatment and, in severe instances, surgical procedures. Conventional systemic antibiotic delivery is constrained by inadequate drug concentrations at the infection site, potential toxicity, and the development of antibiotic resistance. The development of targeted drug delivery systems, especially those employing advanced biomaterials, has received considerable attention as a means to enhance treatment...

36. Combating Bacterial Infection with Metabolism-Regulating Nanomaterials

    The rise of antibiotic resistance presents a major global health challenge. Bacterial survival is closely tied to their metabolic reprogramming under stress, which enhances their environmental adaptability. While current antibacterial strategies are often limited by bacterial resistance, nanomaterials offer a promising alternative due to their unique physicochemical properties. These functionalized nanoagents can precisely deliver antimicrobials and selectively interfere with metabolic processes...

37. Pathogenic Potential and Antimicrobial Resistance Trends in Acinetobacter Species

    Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as one of the most potent multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria causing healthcare-associated illnesses worldwide. Its exceptional ability to thrive in hospital settings, acquire antibiotic resistance determinants, build biofilms, and elude host immune responses has contributed to its growing therapeutic relevance. The fast rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii has significantly reduced...

38. Bioactive Constituents of Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav. and Piper betle Linn. as Antifungal and Antibiofilm Agents Against Candida albicans

    Oral infections caused by biofilm-forming fungi such as Candida albicans pose a major therapeutic challenge due to their lead to increased drug resistance, recurrent infections, and reduced efficacy of conventional antifungal agents. Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav. and Piper betle Linn. have attracted significant attention for further research due to their rich phytochemical composition, which could potentially serve as sources of natural compounds with antifungal and antibiofilm activity. This...

39. The efficacy and safety of Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens in patients receiving hemodialysis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

    CONCLUSIONS: Reduced-dose PAC and alternative and sequential regimens may be considered for H. pylori eradication in patients on HD.

40. Combating New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1): an integrated review of inhibitor development and next-generation therapeutic platforms

    New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1), which has emerged globally, exhibits resistance to almost all β-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems, posing a major challenge to modern antibiotic therapy. Deep sequencing has revealed the evolution of several new NDM variants (some of the variants are more thermostable than NDM-1) due to mutations that increase their zinc-binding and catalytic efficiency and establish a selective pressure on the enzymes. In addition to enzymatic breakdown,...

41. Nano-Engineered Dressings for Infected Diabetic Wounds: Synergy of Catalysis, Delivery, and Fluid Management

    Diabetic chronic wounds have emerged as a major global public health challenge due to a self-perpetuating vicious cycle driven by interconnected pathological factors. Conventional treatment strategies, such as surgical debridement and standard dressings, often fail to effectively penetrate the biofilm barrier or simultaneously modulate the complex wound microenvironment, resulting in limited therapeutic efficacy and an increased risk of drug resistance. The advent of nanotechnology offers a...

42. From gut microbiota-driven mucosal barrier disruption to myeloid-dominant immunosuppressive niches in colorectal cancer

    Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops within a mucosal ecosystem in which epithelial barrier function, colonizing microbes, inflammatory signaling, and immune cell composition are closely interdependent. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have significantly altered treatment outcomes in patients with mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite instability-high (dMMR/MSI-H) CRC, but most microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors still respond poorly, and this is not solely due to lower antigenicity. This article...

43. Targeting Nrf2 in oxidative liver injury: expanding the role of gut microbiota and metabolites

    BACKGROUND: Liver diseases are a major cause of illness and death worldwide. Oxidative stress is a pivotal driver in the pathogenesis of a spectrum of liver diseases, including alcoholic liver disease (ALD), metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), drug-induced liver injury (DILI), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The transcription factor Nrf2, a master regulator of cellular antioxidant responses, plays a central yet context-dependent role in modulating this injury....

44. Tetracyclines, a timely resurgence or doomed to fail again?

    Tetracyclines are bacteriostatic antimicrobials used in the treatment of both bacterial and protozoan pathogens. They abolish protein synthesis by binding to the 16S rRNA, blocking aminoacyl-tRNA access and preventing polypeptide elongation. Tetracyclines are polyketide antimicrobials, with members of this drug family (doxycycline, minocycline and tigecycline) on the World Health Organization (WHO) list of essential medicines. Bacterial resistance to this antimicrobial family is widespread and...

45. Fungal Endophyte-Mediated Antibiotic and Antixenotic Plant Resistance to Herbivorous Insects

    Endophytic fungi reside within both above- and below-ground plant tissues and play pivotal roles in modulating plant fitness and immunity, particularly in the context of plant-insect interactions. They mediate plant defences through the production of bioactive compounds and the alteration of plant physiology, leading to antibiotic (affecting herbivore growth and survival) and antixenotic (deterring herbivore settlement) effects. This review synthesises current evidence on the mechanisms...

46. The continuing debate on silver in wound management: addressing frequently asked questions, controversies and misconceptions

    The use of silver has a long history in human civilisation, particularly as an antimicrobial agent in infection control and prevention. Although silver was first used to treat wound infection approximately 2000 years ago, issues such as its safety profile, clinical and cost-effectiveness, potential overuse and risk of bacterial resistance, remain topics of discussion. Therefore, this review re-examines these issues in light of contemporary microbiological and clinical evidence. The silver cation...

47. Next-generation anti-infective drugs in the post-antibiotic era: focusing on anti-virulence agents targeting the bacterial quorum sensing system

    Antimicrobial resistance is a critical global public health challenge, with drug-resistant infections contributing to more than one million deaths annually. The widespread dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria poses a severe threat to the management of infectious diseases. Bacterial evolution via genetic mutation and horizontal gene transfer diminishes antimicrobial efficacy, often leading to therapeutic failure, increased morbidity and mortality. However, the development of novel...

48. The gut reservoir of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales: from dysbiosis and colonization to infection and decolonization, with a focus on patients with hematologic malignancies - a narrative review

    Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) remain among the highest-priority antimicrobial-resistant pathogens worldwide, and intestinal colonization is increasingly recognized as the key precursor of invasive infections, particularly in patients with hematological malignancies. Increasing evidence indicates that disruption of the gut microbial ecosystem, reflected in reduced diversity, depletion of beneficial anaerobic taxa, intestinal barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and expansion...

49. Fighting the invader: strategies against intracellular bacteria

    Intracellular pathogenic bacteria are often-overlooked agent of chronic, recurrent and difficult-to-treat infections in a context of escalating antimicrobial resistance. By hiding within professional and non-professional phagocytes, adopting dormant or slow-replicative states and rewiring host pathways, these pathogens successfully evade both immune clearance and conventional antibiotic therapy, thus contributing to treatment failure and, potentially, carcinogenesis. Here we synthesise how...

50. Fungal Esophagitis: Molecular Insights Into Pathogenesis and Emerging Antifungal Strategies

    Fungal esophagitis, predominantly caused by Candida species, remains the leading form of infectious esophagitis worldwide. Although historically linked to human immunodeficiency virus infection, its epidemiology has shifted over recent decades, with a growing incidence among oncology patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors, individuals with eosinophilic esophagitis on oral corticosteroids, and solid-organ transplant recipients. Increasing evidence highlights that disease pathogenesis...

51. Research Progress on the Application of CRISPR/Cas System in Rapid Testing of Drug-Resistant Bacteria in Clinical Practice

    The misuse of antimicrobial agents has made antimicrobial resistance one of the major threats to global public health. Efficient and rapid detection of drug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes is crucial for controlling infection spread and safeguarding human health. However, traditional detection methods (such as culture isolation, polymerase chain reaction, etc.) exhibit significant limitations in detection speed, cost-effectiveness, and convenience, increasingly failing to meet current...

52. From resistance mechanisms to therapy: Antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria

    Antimicrobial resistance poses a major global health challenge, and infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. In contrast to many Gram-positive pathogens, Gram-negative bacteria combine intrinsic barriers with acquired determinants, including enzymatic drug inactivation, reduced outer membrane permeability, active efflux, and target modifications, which collectively compromise the efficacy of multiple antibiotic...

53. Real-world implementation and impact of interventional antimicrobial stewardship programmes in Asian hospital settings: an updated systematic review mapped to IDSA/SHEA recommendations, the WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List, and AWaRe antibiotic categories

    Antimicrobial stewardship programmes are central to antimicrobial resistance control, but regional evidence from Asian hospitals remains heterogeneous. We aimed to update evidence on inpatient interventional ASP/AMS studies in Southeast and East Asia and to map intervention components, antibiotic-use outcomes, and resistance outcomes to IDSA/SHEA recommendations, WHO AWaRe categories, and the WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List. Medline via PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched for studies...

54. Non-antibiotic treatments for the management of recurrent urinary tract infection in the multidrug resistance era: A narrative review

    Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a significant global health burden, increasingly complicated by antibiotic resistance. Traditional approaches with antibiotics increase the risk of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, emphasizing the need for new non-antibiotic treatments. Several promising approaches have emerged during the last decade. Microbiome-based therapies, including probiotics, asymptomatic bacteriuria strains, and fecal microbiota transplantation, aim to restore microbial...

55. Research Progress on Antibacterial Strategies of pH-Responsive Hydrogel Dressings in Chronic Wound Management

    Chronic wound healing is a dynamic and complex physiological process. Bacterial biofilms and antibiotic resistance seriously impede the repair of chronic wounds. Traditional dressings cannot respond to the characteristic acidic microenvironment (pH 4.5-6.5) of infected wounds, making it difficult to achieve targeted antibacterial effects. pH-responsive hydrogels can precisely release antibacterial components through acid triggering. They can specifically recognize the changes in the acidic micro...

56. Recent advances in modified biochars for the adsorptive removal of typical antibiotics from water: a comparative review of performance, influencing factors, and underlying mechanisms

    Antibiotic contamination in aquatic environments has raised increasing concern because conventional treatment processes often show incomplete removal of ionizable antibiotics. Modified biochar has emerged as a promising adsorbent, but its performance varies substantially with antibiotic class, modification route, and solution chemistry. This review provides a focused, class-resolved and quantitative comparison of modified biochars for the adsorption of tetracyclines (TCs), sulfonamides (SAs),...

57. Lawsonella clevelandensis: a normal flora that bites deep

    Since its formal description in 2016, Lawsonella clevelandensis-a strictly anaerobic, partially acid-fast bacterium-has been increasingly recognized as a cause of deep-seated abscesses, yet its fastidious nature and absence from routine diagnostic databases contribute to significant underdiagnosis. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on its microbiology, expanding clinical spectrum, diagnostic strategies, and treatment, based on a literature search of PubMed and Web of Science up...

58. Fluoroquinolone resistance without fluoroquinolone use; the genie is truly out of the bottle

    The global dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is not merely a clinical byproduct of antibiotic overuse, but an evolutionary transition driven by highly successful, human-adapted clonal lineages. While MDR phenotypes are frequently associated with resistance to various drug classes, FQR-mediated by specific mutations in the Quinolone Resistance-Determining Regions (QRDR) of the chromosomal GyrA and ParC genes-stands out as a primary driver of clonal success. Contrary to the...

59. Self-Medication Practices in Nigeria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

    CONCLUSION: Self-medication is highly prevalent in Nigeria, with widespread non-prescription antibiotic use contributing to antimicrobial resistance. Strengthening medicine regulation, improving healthcare access, expanding health insurance coverage, enhancing public education, and implementing antimicrobial stewardship programmes are essential to curb inappropriate self-medication and its consequences.

60. Antibiotic resistance in K. pneumoniae: perspectives, challenges, health risks, therapeutic approaches

    Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen of increasing global concern due to its expanding virulence potential and rapid acquisition of antimicrobial resistance. Traditionally associated with hospital-acquired infections such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and bloodstream infections, K. pneumoniae has evolved into a highly diverse species comprising classical (cKP), hypervirulent (hvKP), multidrug-resistant (MDR), and emerging carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent...

61. Base excision repair in Staphylococcus aureus: a defense against oxidative DNA damage and a potential target for novel antibiotics

    Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) remains a major clinical challenge due to its high virulence, persistence, and remarkable capacity to develop antibiotic resistance. Survival within the host requires adaptation to oxidative and nitrosative stress generated by immune cells, which inflict extensive damage on bacterial DNA, including oxidized bases, abasic sites, and strand breaks. Under these conditions, the base excision repair (BER) pathway plays a central role in maintaining genome integrity...

62. Drug-resistant bacterial infections in end-stage liver disease: immune imbalance and intervention advances

    Patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) face a markedly elevated risk of infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) bacteria. This vulnerability worsens prognosis and severely limits therapeutic options. The underlying mechanisms extend beyond hepatic synthetic and detoxification failure to encompass a complex and multifaceted state of immune dysfunction. In this review, we synthesize current evidence on how ESLD-associated immune defects drive...

63. Nanotechnology-Driven Strategies to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance in the One Health Era

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the greatest global public health threats, compromising the effectiveness of antibiotics and jeopardizing advances in modern medicine. The extensive use and misuse of antimicrobial agents in human medicine, veterinary practice, agriculture, and aquaculture have accelerated the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Because resistant pathogens, antibiotic residues, and resistance genes continuously circulate among humans,...

64. Clinical Evidence in Respiratory and Urinary Tract Infections: focus on Ceftibuten

    BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most pressing global health problems, resulting from the misuse and overuse of antibiotics across various sectors, which has led to the emergence and spread of resistant microorganisms. AMR occurs when microorganisms no longer respond to antibiotics. In Italy alone, AMR is responsible for over 10,000 deaths each year, exceeding 40% of all AMR, attributable deaths in the EU/EEA. This alarming trend highlights the urgent need to preserve...

65. Porphyrin and photodynamic therapy as tools against Acinetobacter baumannii

    Since the 1990s, Acinetobacter baumannii has become a major global concern owing to its high incidence in hospital-acquired infections. Although antimicrobial resistance is a natural process, it has been enhanced by the widespread use of antimicrobials in human and animal healthcare and is considered a global priority in the development of new drugs. Therefore, antibacterial photodynamic therapy has gained prominence for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms. This...

66. Advancing antimicrobial peptides: Mechanisms, design, and applications in the post-antibiotic era

    The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacteria has intensified the need for alternative antimicrobial strategies in the post-antibiotic era. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), as evolutionarily conserved components of innate immunity, have attracted considerable attention due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, rapid mechanisms of action, and lower propensity for resistance development. This review summarizes the structural diversity, mechanisms of...

67. Achromobacter species in cystic fibrosis and chronic lung disease: a review of virulence, antibiotic resistance, diagnostic challenges, and emerging therapies

    Achromobacter species (spp) is an emerging opportunistic organism more frequently isolated from immunocompromised patients' and hospital settings. This bacterium was once considered an environmental bacterium, but now it is recognized as a serious cause of respiratory infections, bloodstream infections, and urinary tract infections, particularly among patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic illnesses, and medical devices. The purpose of this review is to highlight Achromobacte's clinical...

68. Molecular Diagnostics for WHO Priority Bacterial Pathogens: A Bibliometric Mapping of Diagnostic Platforms, Resistance Markers, and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Trends

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) constrains effective treatment and carries implications for infection control, surveillance, and public health. The World Health Organization (WHO) priority bacterial pathogen framework has intensified the need for diagnostic innovation by redefining research priorities around organisms combining high disease burden with complex resistance profiles. Molecular diagnostics have accordingly moved beyond culture-based workflows, integrating rapid pathogen...

69. Inflammatory and Immune Pathways Driving Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Resistance in Ulcerative Colitis

    Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease characterized by dysregulated mucosal immunity in genetically susceptible individuals exposed to environmental and microbial triggers. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) antagonists have transformed the management of moderately-to-severely active UC and remain a cornerstone of therapy, although approximately one third of patients demonstrate primary non-response and up to half experience secondary loss of response over...

70. Bibliometric Analysis of Neonatal Sepsis Research in Sub-Saharan Africa (2000-2025): Trends, Funding Patterns, and Collaboration Networks

    Neonatal sepsis accounts for a substantial proportion of newborn mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), yet the region remains under-represented in global research output. While bibliometric analyses of neonatal sepsis exist globally, none have mapped 25-year trends, funding sources, and collaboration networks specific to SSA. Understanding these patterns is critical to address research inequity and guide evidence-based investment. We conducted a bibliometric analysis of publications on neonatal...

71. Mitigating antimicrobial resistance in the animal industry: reduction strategies and alternatives to antibiotics

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a worldwide issue of human and animal health, food security, and environmental sustainability due to its seriousness and the challenge of resolving it. Widespread utilization of antibiotics in the animal industry for metaphylactic, therapeutic, production, and prophylactic purposes has significantly contributed to the spread and emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Food- producing animals are also deemed as good reservoirs of "antimicrobial...

72. Medicinal Plants in Poultry During Post-Antibiotic Era in One-Health Approach: An Extensive Review

    CONCLUSION: Application of the medicinal plants in intensive poultry industry is the best solution for production of antibiotic-free foods during the post-antibiotic era.

73. Human Cytomegalovirus Genetic Diversity, Clinical Relevance, and Emerging Insights

    Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a globally prevalent virus that poses a significant public health concern, especially for newborns and immunocompromised patients, causing a wide range of infections. Clinical outcomes associated with HCMV infection include congenital disease, graft rejection in transplant recipients, and life-threatening systemic infections with significant morbidity and mortality. HCMV is a member of the Beta-herpesvirinae subfamily. Distinguishing characteristics of HCMV, in...

74. Medico Legal aspects on Low-Grade Biofilm Infection to MDR Nosocomial Prosthetic Joint Infection

    Prosthetic joint infections (PJI) are among the most challenging complications of orthopedic surgery, particularly when involving both biofilm-forming low-virulence organisms and multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. This report outlines the complex pathophysiology and clinical challenges associated with PJI, transitioning from a low-grade chronic infection to an acute MDR nosocomial infection, highlighting significant medicolegal implications.

75. Rapid Diagnostics and Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Bloodstream Infections: A Narrative Review and Proposed Clinical Actionability Framework

    Bloodstream infection is a time-critical syndrome in which antimicrobial treatment is usually started before definitive microbiological information is available. Conventional blood culture remains essential because it recovers viable organisms and enables phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing, but its sequential workflow often cannot inform the earliest treatment decisions. This narrative review examines rapid organism identification, molecular and nonmolecular resistance-marker...

76. Antibiotic Treatment of Severe Infections with Multiresistant Bacteria

    CONCLUSION: The treatment should be tailored in consideration of the site of infection, the antibiotic sensitivity profile, the resistance mechanism, and the clinical situation. New reserve antibiotics should be used selectively and in the framework of antimicrobial stewardship.

77. Comprehensive in silico genomics analysis of global trends and host-specific emergence of aminoglycoside resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: a One-Health perspective

    CONCLUSION: Over 25 years, the prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance-associated genes in S. aureus has declined for several common determinants, while rare veterinary-linked alleles are emerging in animal isolates. Strong genotype-phenotype concordance supports genomic prediction for gentamicin and amikacin, where MIC data are available, although phenotypic confirmation remains essential. The frequent co-occurrence of aminoglycoside resistance genes with other antimicrobial resistance...

78. Microbiome-based therapeutics for Clostridioides difficile infection: additive, subtractive, and modulatory strategies in modern clinical practice

    Microbiome-based therapeutics have rapidly evolved into a transformative field at the intersection of infectious diseases, microbial ecology, and precision medicine. Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) represents the most extensively studied model, providing a framework for understanding microbiome-driven disease and ecological restoration. This review synthesizes three major therapeutic strategies, additive, subtractive, and modulatory, and integrates recent advances from basic,...

79. Oral dysbiosis: methodological evolution, the mobile resistome and the future of machine learning in dentistry

    The oral microbiome acts as a significant, yet often overlooked, reservoir for antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). This review examines the role of the human resistome in oral health, evaluating current knowledge on the composition, function and dissemination of ARGs within the oral cavity. By comparing conventional culture-based methodologies against recent whole-genome sequencing (WGS) studies, we assess the critical role of the oral‒gut axis in resistance dissemination. The current...

80. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Aquaculture: A Decade (2015-2025)-Long Global Retrospective Outlook

    Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) contamination and proliferation in aquaculture and aquatic systems is worrisome for global food safety, as well as veterinary and public health. Traditionally linked with terrestrial ruminant reservoirs, aquaculture matrices, including farmed finfish, shellfish, culture water, and benthic organisms, are increasingly acknowledged as potential conduits for the dissemination of STEC. Herein, the review documented data concerning the prevalence, genomic...

81. Microbiome Engineering in Dairy Cattle: A Critical Review of Strategies for Disease Resistance, Productivity, and Sustainable Farming

    Dairy production currently faces three converging challenges: the escalation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), rising global food demand, and stricter regulatory requirements for reducing enteric methane emissions. This review evaluates probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), metagenomic tools, and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-based synthetic biology for dairy cow microbiome engineering, applying a Technology Readiness Level (TRL)...

82. Clinical Resistance to Lenacapavir During Treatment of HIV Infection: A Review

    Lenacapavir (LEN) is the first-in-class capsid inhibitor that inhibits HIV capsid function in vitro with picomolar activity. LEN has been approved for the treatment of HIV in combination with other antiretroviral agents (ARVs), as well as for the prevention of acquisition of HIV-1 in people who may benefit from pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). In vitro investigations of the resistance profile of LEN have identified resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) at six residues in the HIV-1 capsid...

83. The Rectal Mucosal Myeloid Niche in HIV-1 Persistence: Reservoir Support, Viral Sequestration, and Therapeutic Opportunities

    Persistent HIV-1 reservoirs remain a major barrier to a durable functional cure despite long-term suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Although resting memory CD4^(+) T cells constitute the best-characterized cellular reservoir, tissue microenvironments shape viral persistence and immune clearance. The rectal mucosa represents a specialized tissue niche containing HIV-susceptible target cells, antigen-presenting cells, microbial products, inflammatory cues, and local metabolic signals. Within...

84. Piezoelectric Nanocoatings on Bio-Interfaces: Microenvironment Remodeling, Biofilm Disruption, and Immunomodulatory Integration

    Implant-associated infections (IAIs) persist as a critical complication in biomaterial transplantation, driven by rapid microbial colonization, biofilm encapsulation, and escalating antibiotic resistance. Conventional antibiotic-based treatments and passive antimicrobial coatings often fail to achieve long-term infection control due to limited biofilm penetration, localized cytotoxicity, and active agent depletion. To overcome these limitations, piezoelectric nanocomposite coatings utilize a...

85. Nontoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis as a Next-Generation Probiotic: Mechanisms, Safety, and Therapeutic Potential

    Nontoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (NTBF) is defined by the absence of the bft gene and corresponding B. fragilis toxin production; however, nontoxigenic status alone does not establish uniform safety or probiotic function. This review critically evaluates strain-level biological characteristics, safety, mechanisms, metabolites, and disease-model evidence. Selected strains and defined strain-derived preparations, including ZY-312, HCK-B3, NCTC 9343-derived polysaccharide A, and ZY-312-derived...

86. Overview of Colistin Resistance in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region

    Colistin (polymyxin E), a last-resort antibiotic for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections, is becoming increasingly compromised by the rapid emergence and dissemination of resistance. The extensive use of colistin in agriculture and veterinary medicine has accelerated the spread of plasmid-mediated mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, facilitating transmission across human, animal, and environmental reservoirs. This review provides a comprehensive overview...

87. Next-Generation Probiotics in Poultry: From Conventional Strains to Engineered and Synbiotic Approaches

    The global poultry industry faces a major transition driven by bans on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) and rising antimicrobial resistance threats. This has intensified the search for effective, sustainable alternatives to maintain productivity, animal health, and food safety. This review provides a comprehensive overview of next-generation probiotics (NGPs) and their evolving role in poultry production, highlighting their mechanisms of action, technological advancements, and applications for...

88. Microbiome-Shaped Metastatic Niches in Colorectal Cancer: Organ-Specific Patterns, Immune-Metabolic Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Translation

    Despite advances in systemic therapies, metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) remains largely incurable, underscoring persistent gaps in our understanding of metastatic progression and therapeutic resistance. Emerging evidence suggests that gut and tumor-associated microbial communities may contribute to metastatic progression by shaping organ-specific niches, disrupting intestinal and vascular barriers, remodeling immune and stromal microenvironments, and altering host-microbial metabolism. This...

89. Molecular Regulation of Biofilm Development in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: Integrating Signal Transduction, Environmental Adaptation, and Antibiotic Resistance

    Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is increasingly recognized as a difficult-to-treat healthcare-associated opportunistic pathogen, particularly in critically ill and immunocompromised patients, in whom it causes severe respiratory, bloodstream, and device-associated infections. Its intrinsic resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes, capacity to acquire additional resistance determinants, and ability to establish persistent biofilms substantially limit therapeutic options. This review integrates...

90. Clostridioides difficile Infection in Central Asia: Current Evidence, Molecular Epidemiology, and Surveillance Priorities-A Narrative Review

    Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhoea and a marker of antimicrobial exposure and healthcare quality, yet Central Asia is almost absent from the indexed literature. We reviewed available evidence on CDI epidemiology, antimicrobial use and molecular typing across Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, searching PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar and accessible regional sources, and identified priorities for surveillance...

91. Candida albicans as Marker of the Impact of Antibiotics on Gut Microbiome

    CONCLUSIONS: Available evidence demonstrates that antibiotic-induced disruption of the GM promotes GI overgrowth of C. albicans. Hence, C. albicans concentration can serve as an indicator of antibiotics' impact on the GM. While increased colonization alone rarely results in invasive disease, antibiotic-associated yeast expansion may represent an important step in the pathogenesis of disseminated candidiasis.

92. Understanding Basic Concepts of Viral Quasispecies: From Evolutionary Dynamics to Clinical Relevance

    This review examines the viral quasispecies concept and its implications for understanding viral evolution, pathogenesis, and the development of effective antiviral therapies. Quasispecies are dynamic populations of closely related but genetically distinct viral genomes, which evolve under mutation and Darwinian selection. Notably, minority variants, often dismissed as "genetic noise", may harbor significant biological differences-such as drug resistance-and become dominant under changing...

93. Virulence and Resistance Mechanisms in Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

    Acinetobacter baumannii, a Gram-negative opportunistic bacterium in the ESKAPE group (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, A. baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.), has emerged as a leading cause of nosocomial infections worldwide. It is known to possess diverse virulence traits and antimicrobial resistance, making it a critical priority pathogen on the World Health Organization's 2024 Bacterial Priority Pathogens List. Carbapenem-resistant A....

94. Prevention and Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms Using Promising Agr-QS-Targeting Anti-Biofilm Agents

    Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a leading cause of nosocomial infections, contributes significantly to increased morbidity and mortality, especially when it forms biofilms on medical devices. This pathogen, specifically methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), remains a challenge to treat due to its ability to form biofilms and rapidly develop resistance against antibiotics. Biofilm formation allows bacteria to adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces, creating a protective matrix that shields...

95. Dual-Function Antimicrobial Peptides as a Prospective Strategy Against Peri-Implantitis: Bridging Cutaneous Wound Healing and the Peri-Implant Soft-Tissue Seal

    Peri-implantitis, a biofilm-driven inflammatory disease that causes progressive loss of the bone supporting dental implants, is common and difficult to treat: mechanical debridement cannot fully decontaminate the implant surface, and antibiotic adjuncts act non-selectively while promoting resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as a promising preventive strategy. As cationic, membrane-disrupting molecules they kill a broad spectrum of organisms with a low propensity to select for...

96. Antimicrobial Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates from Men with Urethral or Urogenital Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

    Background and Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrheae threatens the effectiveness of empirical gonorrhoea treatment. Although global surveillance evidence is increasingly available, resistance data are not consistently reported separately for men with urethral or urogenital infection. This review evaluated antibiotic-specific resistance in N. gonorrhoeae isolates from this clinically defined population and examined the geographic and reporting limitations of the available...

97. Azithromycin in Dentistry: From Systemic Antibiotic to a Candidate for Local Therapeutic Delivery

    Azithromycin is widely used in dentistry as a systemic antibiotic, particularly for odontogenic infections and as an alternative in patients with β-lactam hypersensitivity. Beyond its antimicrobial activity, azithromycin possesses unique pharmacokinetic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-biofilm properties. Together with growing concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic stewardship, these characteristics have stimulated interest in local drug-delivery strategies that...

98. Quercetin: Mechanisms of Action, Clinical Evidence in Metabolic Syndrome, and Translational Opportunities in Food Preservation

    Quercetin is a plant-derived flavonol positioned at the interface of metabolic health and food preservation. This review integrates quercetin chemistry, plant biosynthesis and metabolism, production-relevant extraction and microbial synthesis, bioavailability, mechanisms of action, preclinical and clinical evidence in metabolic syndrome (MetS), and applications in clean-label food preservation. Experimental studies indicate that quercetin modulates obesity-associated inflammation, dyslipidemia,...

99. Antibiotic-Induced Genotoxicity: Molecular Mechanisms, Cytogenetic Damage, and Implications for Human Health

    Global antibiotic consumption continues to rise across pediatric and adult populations, while the genotoxic consequences of host eukaryotic exposure remain less systematically characterized than the parallel problem of antimicrobial resistance. Several lines of evidence, from molecular cytogenetics, redox biology, and systems toxicology, now permit a more mechanistically resolved synthesis of antibiotic-induced genome stress than was previously possible, although a substantial fraction of this...

100. Beyond the Barrier: Overcoming Ocular Antimicrobial Resistance Through AI and Novel Therapeutics

     Ocular infections are a major cause of morbidity and vision loss worldwide, significantly affecting the quality of life and clinical outcomes. The management of ocular infections has become increasingly difficult due to the rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among commonly implicated pathogens. This review summarizes the epidemiology and etiology of ocular infections, with emphasis on bacterial pathogens frequently associated with resistance. Various mechanisms of antimicrobial...